CivMetric

Methodology & Sources

CivMetric๋Š” 7,000๋…„์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช… ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ 6๊ฐœ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ •๊ทœํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” 0โ€“100 ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋น„๊ต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Our Approach

CivMetric๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•™์ˆ  ์ „ํ†ต์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ถค์ ์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Cliodynamics

Peter Turchin

์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ. ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํฅ๋ง์„ฑ์‡ ๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก.

Big History

David Christian

๋น…๋ฑ…๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ 138์–ต๋…„์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ถค์ ์„ ๋‹คํ•™์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ.

Composite Indicators

OECD Handbook 2008

๋‹ค์ฐจ์› ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  (Min-max, ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํ‰๊ท ).

Planetary Boundaries

Rockstrรถm et al. 2009

์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •์˜.

ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ์›์น™

  • โ‘ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ •๊ทœํ™” โ€” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹น์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœ. ํŠนํžˆ Conflict Index๋Š” Steven Pinker์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•ด ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ „์Ÿ(~15% ํญ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ๋ง)์ด WW2(~2.9%)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • โ‘ก๋ณด๊ฐ„ (Interpolation) โ€” ์•ต์ปค ํฌ์ธํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด ์—ฐ๋„๋Š” ease-in-out ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฐ„. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์น˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ.
  • โ‘ข๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต โ€” ํ˜„๋Œ€(1900~): ์‹ค์ธก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ / ๊ทผ์„ธ(1500~1900): ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ฌธ์„œ + ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ / ๊ณ ๋Œ€(~1500): ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ •์น˜ + ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ.
  • โ‘ฃํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ โ€” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋กœ์ง์€ ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœ. GitHub ์ €์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์›๋ณธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ํ™•์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.

3-Layer Aggregation Framework

CivMetric๋Š” OECD Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators (2008)์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์›์‹œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ถ”์ƒํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Layer 1

52 Raw Indicators

โ€œWhat happened?โ€

Layer 2

15 Composite Indexes

โ€œWhat does it mean?โ€

Layer 3

6 Civilization Dimensions

โ€œHow is civilization doing?โ€

Layer 1

52 Raw Indicators

์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์›์‹œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ โ€” GDP per capita, ์ „์Ÿ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ˆ˜, ๋ฌธํ•ด์œจ, COโ‚‚ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰, ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ 52๊ฐœ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Examples

GDP per capita (PPP)Battle deaths per 100kLiteracy rate (%)COโ‚‚ emissions per capitaNumber of IGO memberships

Method: Data collection from OWID, UCDP, UNESCO, WHO, World Bank, V-Dem, etc.

Layer 2

15 Composite Indexes

์›์‹œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ค์„ ์˜๋ฏธ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Min-max ์ •๊ทœํ™”(0โ€“100)๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋’ค ๊ฐ€์ค‘ ํ‰๊ท ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Examples

Economic VitalityHealth & LongevityDemocratic FreedomEnvironmental HealthConflict Intensity

Method: Min-max normalization โ†’ Weighted aggregation (OECD Handbook methodology)

Layer 3

6 Civilization Dimensions

์ตœ์ข… 6๊ฐœ ๋ฌธ๋ช… ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์›์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ ํ‰๊ท ์ด Civilization Score๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Examples

Welfare (30%)Knowledge (20%)Freedom (20%)Cooperation (15%)Conflict (โˆ’15%)Sustainability (10%)

Method: Geometric mean of normalized sub-indicators (HDI methodology)

์ง€ํ‘œ๋ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก 

Civilization Score

์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋ฌธ๋ช… ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ง€์ˆ˜ (0โ€“100). ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 6๊ฐœ ์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ ํ‰๊ท .

์ž์„ธํžˆ

์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก 

Welfare 30% + Knowledge 20% + Freedom 20% + Cooperation 15% + Sustainability 10% โˆ’ Conflict 15%. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ •๊ทœํ™”.

Conflict Index

์ธ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋น„ ํญ๋ ฅยท์ „์Ÿ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ง€์ˆ˜ (0=ํ‰ํ™”, 100=์ตœ๊ณ  ํญ๋ ฅ). Steven Pinker์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒ, ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœ.

์ž์„ธํžˆ

์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก 

์ธ๊ตฌ 10๋งŒ๋ช…๋‹น ์ „์Ÿยท์กฐ์ง ํญ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ •๊ทœํ™”. ์„ ์‚ฌ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(~15% ํญ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ๋ง)๋ฅผ 100์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •. ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset ํ™œ์šฉ.

Welfare Index

ํ‰๊ท  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ช… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ƒํ™œ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ง€์ˆ˜ (0โ€“100). ๊ณ ๋Œ€ 25๋…„ โ†’ ํ˜„๋Œ€ 73๋…„์„ ์ •๊ทœํ™”.

์ž์„ธํžˆ

์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก 

UN/WHO ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ช… ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฒ”์œ„(20โ€“85๋…„)๋กœ ์ •๊ทœํ™”. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ยท์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™ ์ถ”์ •์น˜ ํ™œ์šฉ.

Knowledge Index

๋ฌธ์ž ํ•ด๋…๋ฅ , ๊ณผํ•™ ์ถœํŒ๋ฌผ, ํŠนํ—ˆ ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐํ•œ ์ง€์‹ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ง€์ˆ˜.

์ž์„ธํžˆ

์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก 

UNESCO ๋ฌธํ•ด์œจ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ + Scopus ๊ณผํ•™ ์ถœํŒ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜ + WIPO ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ ํ‰๊ท . ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ •์น˜.

Freedom Index

์ •์น˜์  ์ž์œ , ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ž์œ , ์–ธ๋ก  ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ์ง€์ˆ˜ (0โ€“100).

์ž์„ธํžˆ

์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก 

Freedom House Political Rights + Civil Liberties + RSF Press Freedom Index๋ฅผ ๋™๋“ฑ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ ํ‰๊ท . ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง€์ˆ˜(V-Dem) ๋ณด์™„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” Polity5 ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜.

Sustainability Index

ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜ (0โ€“100). ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ์ด์ „ 98 โ†’ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„ ๊ธ‰๋ฝ โ†’ ํ˜„์žฌ 36. ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ, ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ, ์ž์› ์†Œ๋น„ ๋ฐ˜์˜.

์ž์„ธํžˆ

์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก 

Yale EPI(Environmental Performance Index) + COโ‚‚ per capita(์—ญ์‚ฐ) + ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ. ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ์ด์ „์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฐ ์ถ”์ •.

Cooperation Index

๊ตญ์ œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ง€์ˆ˜. ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ ์ˆ˜, UN ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ, ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ˜์˜.

์ž์„ธํžˆ

์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก 

UN ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜ + KOF ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ์ง€์ˆ˜(์ •์น˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒํ™” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ) + Correlates of War IGO ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ ํ‰๊ท .

ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ

The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined

Pinker, Steven ยท 2011

์ธ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋น„ ํญ๋ ฅ ์ •๊ทœํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ. Conflict Index ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ† ๋Œ€.

Our World in Data

Roser, Max et al. ยท 2023

Welfare, Knowledge, Freedom ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์†Œ์Šค.

๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ โ†—

Varieties of Democracy Dataset v14

V-Dem Institute ยท 2024

๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ยท์ž์œ  ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์†Œ์Šค.

๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ โ†—

Armed Conflict Dataset

UCDP/PRIO ยท 2024

ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์†Œ์Šค.

๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ โ†—

Atlas of World Population History

McEvedy & Jones ยท 1978

๊ณ ๋Œ€~๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ถ”์ •์น˜ ์†Œ์Šค. Conflict Index ๋ถ„๋ชจ ์‚ฐ์ถœ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ.

Maddison Project Database

Maddison Project ยท 2023

์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ™œ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ถ”์ •์น˜.

๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ โ†—

Academic References

CivMetric์˜ ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์›์— ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ์ €์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

โš”๏ธ Conflict & Peace

Pinker, S. (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature. Viking.

Peace Shield methodology: population-normalized violence rates

โ€œViolence has declined over millennia due to Leviathan, commerce, feminization, and reason.โ€
Source โ†—

Gleditsch, N.P. et al. (2002). Armed Conflict 1946โ€“2001. Journal of Peace Research.

Conflict Index data source: UCDP/PRIO dataset

โ€œSystematic measurement of armed conflict enables rigorous study of war and peace.โ€
Source โ†—

๐Ÿ’ฐ Economic Development

Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2020). Maddison Project Database 2020. Journal of Economic History.

Vitality Forge economic data: GDP per capita from 1 CE to present

โ€œLong-run GDP estimates provide comparable economic growth data across centuries.โ€
Source โ†—

Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford University Press.

Equity Beacon & Vitality Forge: human capabilities beyond GDP

โ€œDevelopment is the expansion of human freedoms, not merely economic growth.โ€
Source โ†—

๐Ÿ“ Composite Index Methodology

UNDP (2023). Human Development Report. United Nations Development Programme.

Layer 3 aggregation: geometric mean of normalized sub-indicators

โ€œThe HDI uses geometric mean to capture the multidimensional nature of human development.โ€
Source โ†—

Nardo, M. et al. (2008). Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators. OECD Publishing.

CivMetric's 3-Layer normalization and weighting methodology

โ€œMin-max normalization transforms indicators to 0โ€“100 scale for cross-indicator comparability.โ€
Source โ†—

๐ŸŒ Environmental Sustainability

Rockstrรถm, J. et al. (2009). A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461, 472โ€“475.

Gaia Balance: planetary boundaries framework

โ€œWe have identified nine planetary boundaries that define a safe operating space for humanity.โ€
Source โ†—

Steffen, W. et al. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development. Science, 347.

Updated planetary boundaries โ€” Gaia Balance thresholds

โ€œFour of nine planetary boundaries have been crossed due to human activities.โ€
Source โ†—

๐Ÿ“œ Historical Dynamics

Turchin, P. (2003). Historical Dynamics. Princeton University Press.

CivMetric's secular cycles โ€” Nexus Pulse and Peace Shield oscillations

โ€œSocietal instability follows predictable mathematical cycles driven by population and elite dynamics.โ€
Source โ†—

Tainter, J. (1988). The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge University Press.

Complexity ceiling โ€” why CivMetric tracks diminishing returns

โ€œSocieties collapse when investments in complexity yield diminishing marginal returns.โ€
Source โ†—

๐Ÿ›๏ธ Democracy & Institutions

Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. (2012). Why Nations Fail. Crown Publishers.

Equity Beacon & Nexus Pulse: inclusive vs extractive institutions

โ€œInclusive economic and political institutions are the fundamental cause of prosperity differences.โ€
Source โ†—

Marshall, M.G. et al. (2019). Polity5 Project. Center for Systemic Peace.

Peace Shield democracy scoring โ€” Polity score integration

โ€œAuthority characteristics of states can be measured on a spectrum from autocracy to democracy.โ€
Source โ†—

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CivMetric๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์ฑ…์‚ฌํ•ญ

  • โ€ข ๊ณ ๋Œ€(~1500 CE) ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์  ์ถ”์ •์น˜๋กœ, ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
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  • โ€ข โ€œ๋ฌธ๋ช… ์ˆ˜์ค€โ€์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ง€์ˆ˜ํ™”๋Š” ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
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CivMetric v1.0 ยท Data last updated March 2025 ยท GitHub โ†—